Hiperszenzitivitást

Hiperszenzitivitást refers to an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to an otherwise harmless substance, commonly known as an allergen. This condition can manifest in various ways, affecting different parts of the body. The immune system mistakenly identifies the allergen as a threat and initiates a defense mechanism.

The mechanism behind hypersensitivity involves the production of specific antibodies, typically Immunoglobulin E (IgE). Upon initial exposure to an allergen, the body produces IgE antibodies that attach to mast cells and basophils. During subsequent exposures, the allergen binds to these IgE antibodies, triggering the release of inflammatory chemicals like histamine.

Symptoms of hypersensitivity can range from mild to severe and can include skin reactions such as hives, itching, and eczema, respiratory issues like sneezing, runny nose, and asthma, and in more severe cases, anaphylaxis, a life-threatening systemic reaction. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, certain foods, insect venom, and medications.

Diagnosis often involves a detailed medical history, physical examination, and specific allergy testing, such as skin prick tests or blood tests to detect IgE antibodies. Management strategies focus on avoiding known allergens, using medications to control symptoms like antihistamines and corticosteroids, and in some cases, immunotherapy (allergy shots) to desensitize the immune system over time. Understanding the triggers and having a management plan is crucial for individuals experiencing hypersensitivity reactions.