Hiperparatiroidizmus

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by the overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. These small glands, located in the neck near the thyroid gland, are responsible for regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body. PTH plays a crucial role in maintaining these levels by affecting the bones, kidneys, and intestines.

When PTH is overproduced, it leads to high levels of calcium in the blood, a condition known as hypercalcemia. This can manifest with a variety of symptoms, though some individuals may experience no symptoms at all. Common signs and symptoms include fatigue, bone pain and fragility, kidney stones, increased thirst and urination, constipation, and mood changes. The excess calcium can leach out of the bones, leading to osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures. In the kidneys, elevated calcium can contribute to the formation of kidney stones and impaired kidney function.

There are two primary types of hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands become enlarged or develop a tumor (adenoma), leading to excessive PTH secretion. Secondary hyperparathyroidism arises as a response to other medical conditions that cause low calcium levels, such as chronic kidney disease or severe vitamin D deficiency. In this case, the parathyroid glands work overtime to try and raise calcium levels. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism can develop after prolonged secondary hyperparathyroidism, where the glands become autonomously overactive.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure calcium, phosphate, and PTH levels. Imaging studies may be used to locate enlarged parathyroid glands. Treatment depends on the type and severity of hyperparathyroidism and may range from monitoring to medication or surgical removal of affected glands.