Herpetic

Herpetic is an adjective used in medical contexts to describe diseases and manifestations caused by herpesviruses, a large family of double-stranded DNA viruses (Herpesviridae). The term is most commonly applied to infections by herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2, but also extends to other members such as varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus. In clinical use, "herpetic" prefixes are found in conditions including herpetic gingivostomatitis, herpetic keratitis, herpetic whitlow, and herpetic neuralgia, among others. These infections can present with mucocutaneous lesions, neurologic symptoms, or systemic illness depending on the site.

Pathophysiology: Herpesviruses typically establish latent infection in sensory or autonomic ganglia; reactivation can cause recurrent symptoms at or near the original site.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis is largely clinical, supported by laboratory tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from lesion swabs, viral culture, direct fluorescent antibody testing, or serology when appropriate.

Treatment: Antiviral medications—acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir—are commonly used, with regimens varying by site and severity. Supportive care for pain and inflammation is also important. Vaccination against varicella (chickenpox) and zoster (shingles) can reduce risk of certain herpetic diseases.

Prognosis and epidemiology: Herpetic infections are widespread and may be mild or self-limiting, but can be serious in neonates, the elderly, or immunocompromised individuals. Recurrent disease is common with herpes simplex virus infections.