Hepialidae

Hepialidae, commonly known as ghost moths or swift moths, are a family of moths in the order Lepidoptera. These moths are characterized by their large size, often broad wingspans, and their primitive wing structure, which lacks the frenulum that connects the forewing and hindwing in most other moths. This ancient evolutionary trait is a key feature of the family. Adult Hepialidae are generally crepuscular or nocturnal, meaning they are active at dawn and dusk, or during the night. They are often attracted to lights. The family is found worldwide, with a notable diversity in Australia and South America. Larvae of Hepialidae are typically subterranean, feeding on roots, stems, or decaying wood of various plants. Some species are considered agricultural pests due to their root-feeding habits. The life cycle can be quite long, with larvae sometimes taking several years to mature. Adult moths typically do not feed, relying on reserves built up during their larval stage, and often have reduced mouthparts. Their flight is often described as swift and direct, hence the common name "swift moth." Despite their large size, many species are not well-studied due to their elusive nature and specialized habitat requirements.