Helmins

Helmins, commonly referred to as helminths, are a diverse group of parasitic worms that live in animals and humans. They include three major groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). Helmins typically rely on their hosts for nutrients and have adapted to parasitism with varied life cycles and survival strategies.

Nematodes are cylindrical and generally have a complete digestive tract. Cestodes lack a true digestive system and absorb nutrients through their body surface, while trematodes have complex bodies with suckers for attachment. Many helminths require one or more intermediate hosts and environmental stages, with transmission through contaminated food or water, skin contact, or vectors.

Infection can cause a range of health problems from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to iron-deficiency anemia, growth impairment, organ damage, and impaired cognitive development, particularly in children. Global burden is highest in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. Public health approaches emphasize sanitation, hygiene, safe food handling, vector control, and preventive deworming programs.

Diagnosis typically relies on identification of parasite eggs, larvae, or segments in stool or tissue samples, supported by serology or imaging in some cases. Treatments rely on antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole and mebendazole for nematodes, and praziquantel for cestodes and trematodes; drug choice depends on species. Prevention focuses on sanitation, education, and safe water, with targeted deworming campaigns in high-burden regions.