Haveli

Haveli is a traditional townhouse or mansion found across the Indian subcontinent, most famously in Rajasthan and Gujarat. The term, from Persian, denotes a large, private residence built for affluence. Havelis are typically multi-storied and organized around a central or side courtyard, with outward-facing façades contrasting with inward arrangements of rooms. Common architectural elements include jharokhas (overhanging balconies), jaali screens, carved wooden doors, and decorative plaster or fresco work. The first floor often houses reception areas or diwankhanas, while private quarters occupy upper levels. The courtyards provide shade, light, and ventilation in hot climates, and serve as stages for social and ceremonial life.

Historically, havelis were constructed by wealthy merchants, artisans, and noble families, functioning as both residences and business centers. In many towns of Rajasthan's Shekhawati or in Surat and Ahmedabad, havelis showcase elaborate wall paintings, mirror work, and lattice decoration, reflecting regional styles. The architectural language varies by region, with Rajasthan favoring carved stone and wood, while Gujarati havelis emphasize color and plaster work.

Today, many havelis are preserved as heritage monuments, with some converted into hotels, museums, or cultural centers. Others face neglect or demolition. They remain important for studies of urban form, trade networks, and regional art.