Haptiek

Haptics, or haptiek in Dutch, is the branch of science and engineering that studies and applies the sense of touch in human–computer interaction. It covers tactile feedback, which involves skin-based sensations such as vibration, texture, and temperature, and kinesthetic feedback, which concerns force, motion, and the position of the limbs. Haptic systems aim to convey information or simulate real-world interactions through touch.

Technologies used in haptics include actuators such as vibration motors, piezoelectric devices, and other electromechanical components; force-feedback devices like exoskeletons, haptic gloves, and specialized controllers; and, in some cases, thermal or texture-based feedback. Haptic interfaces can provide tactile feedback alone, kinesthetic feedback alone, or a combination of both, known as multimodal haptics.

Applications span consumer electronics, virtual reality and gaming, medical simulators and training, robotics and teleoperation, and automotive user interfaces. Examples include vibration alerts in smartphones, force feedback in surgical simulators, and gloves or suits that simulate grip and touch in immersive environments.

Research in haptics is interdisciplinary, linking psychology, neuroscience, engineering, and computer science to understand perception and to design effective devices. Key considerations for haptic systems include latency, the fidelity and resolution of feedback, safety and ergonomics, and user comfort. The field has evolved from early tactile devices to modern multi-modal haptic systems that enhance interaction across various industries.