Handnagels

Handnagels, or fingernails, are hard keratin plates that cover the dorsal tips of the fingers. They protect the sensitive fingertip pads, aid in fine motor tasks, and contribute to tactile perception by providing counterpressure when objects are manipulated.

Anatomy and growth: The visible nail consists of the nail plate resting on the nail bed. The nail matrix, located beneath the proximal nail fold, generates the plate as it keratinizes. The cuticle (eponychium) seals the matrix area from infection, while the hyponychium lies at the distal edge under the nail plate. Surrounding nail folds and the lunula, a pale crescent at the base, are also part of the structure. Nails grow from the matrix and are pushed forward as they mature; in adults the growth rate is typically about 3 millimeters per month, varying with age, health, and season.

Functions and care: Fingernails protect the fingertip pulp, assist in grip, and contribute to tactile feedback during manipulation. Proper care includes regular trimming with curved tools, filing to smooth edges, and keeping the nails and surrounding skin clean and dry. It is generally advised to avoid aggressive cuticle removal and excessive exposure to harsh chemicals; moisturizers can help maintain the integrity of the nail folds.

Common conditions: Nail health can be affected by infections such as onychomycosis, inflammatory conditions like paronychia, and structural changes including koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) or clubbing. Trauma can cause subungual hematomas or other injuries.

Artificial nails and safety: Artificial enhancements (acrylics, gels) are widely used but can weaken natural nails if applied or removed improperly. Persistent changes in nail color, thickness, or pain should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.