HUMAN

Humans, or Homo sapiens, are a species of primates in the family Hominidae and the only extant member of the genus Homo. They are distinguished by upright bipedal locomotion, relatively large brains, and highly developed capacity for language, abstract thought, and culture. Modern humans occupy all continents and have created diverse societies.

Anatomy and biology: Adults typically stand about 1.5 to 1.8 meters tall. The brain averages about 1,300 to 1,400 cubic centimeters, with a highly convoluted neocortex. The skeleton is adapted to bipedal stance, and hands with opposable thumbs enable precise tool use and manipulation of objects.

Genetics and development: Humans have 46 chromosomes in most somatic cells. Genetic variation is greatest within Africa and decreases with distance from the continent, reflecting recent human migration. Humans undergo a long period of development after birth and typically reach reproductive maturity in adolescence.

Ecology and behavior: Humans are omnivorous and highly adaptable, forming complex social groups and cultures. Language, art, religion, governance, and technology—ranging from basic tools to advanced science—have shaped human societies and their interaction with the environment.

Evolution and history: The species originated in Africa about 300,000 years ago, with fossil evidence and genetic data showing relationships to other hominins. Modern humans dispersed globally during multiple migrations and eventually established urban civilizations and global networks.

Impact and study: As a species, humans have significant influence on the biosphere, climate, and other species. The study of human biology, anthropology, archaeology, and related fields seeks to understand origins, variation, and the conditions of life and society.