HNEadduct

HNEadduct refers to the covalent modification of biomolecules by 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). HNE is a reactive aldehyde produced during the lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-6 fatty acids, which are abundant in cell membranes. This process is a significant marker of oxidative stress. When HNE is formed, it can react with nucleophilic groups on proteins and other cellular macromolecules, such as amino groups on lysine residues and sulfhydryl groups on cysteine residues. These reactions lead to the formation of stable adducts, known as HNEadducts. The formation of HNEadducts can alter the structure and function of the modified biomolecules, potentially leading to cellular dysfunction, inflammation, and contributing to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Research has linked HNEadducts to conditions such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, cancer, and diabetes. The detection and quantification of HNEadducts in biological samples are therefore valuable for assessing oxidative stress levels and disease progression. Analytical techniques such as ELISA, Western blotting, and mass spectrometry are commonly employed to identify and measure these adducts. Understanding the formation and impact of HNEadducts is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating oxidative damage.