HLAtypering

HLAtypering is a laboratory procedure used to identify specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles present in an individual’s immune system. The HLA system, located on chromosome 6, plays a crucial role in immune response regulation, tissue compatibility, and disease susceptibility. Accurate HLA typing is essential in organ and bone marrow transplantation, where compatibility between donor and recipient significantly impacts transplant success and reduces the risk of rejection.

There are two main methods for HLA typing: serological and molecular. Serological typing employs antibodies to detect HLA antigens directly on cell surfaces, but it has limitations in resolution and specificity. Molecular typing, which has become more prevalent, uses techniques such as PCR-based methods, sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP), sequence-specific priming (SSP), and next-generation sequencing (NGS). These methods allow for high-resolution identification of HLA alleles and better discrimination between closely related variants.

HLA typing procedures typically involve collecting a blood sample or buccal swab from the individual. DNA is then extracted and analyzed using the chosen method to determine the specific HLA alleles present. The results are interpreted to establish compatibility, guide donor selection, or assess disease associations.

Advances in molecular techniques have significantly improved the accuracy, speed, and resolution of HLA typing, thereby enhancing transplant outcomes and immunogenetic research. As a dynamic field, ongoing developments aim to further refine HLA typing methods for clinical and research applications.