Hüpoesteesia

Hüpoesteesia, also known as hypoesthesia, is a reduced ability to perceive sensory stimuli in a specific area of the body. It denotes diminished tactile sensation and, in some cases, reduced sensitivity to pain, temperature, or vibration. It is distinct from anesthesia (complete loss of sensation) and from paresthesia (abnormal sensations such as tingling or crawling).

Causes of hypoesthesia are diverse and often relate to a disruption of sensory pathways. Common etiologies include peripheral nerve injury from trauma or compression, diabetic or alcoholic neuropathy, vitamin deficiencies (for example, B12), autoimmune or inflammatory neuropathies, infections such as herpes zoster, stroke or brain injury, tumors pressing on sensory pathways, and adverse effects from certain medications. Central nervous system conditions can produce hypoesthesia in specific body regions, while localized nerve involvement tends to follow dermatomal or nerve distributions.

Diagnosis relies on clinical examination and targeted testing. Sensory assessment may involve tests for light touch, pinprick, temperature, and vibration, often using monofilaments or quantitative sensory testing. Nerve conduction studies and electromyography can help distinguish peripheral from central causes. Imaging (such as MRI) is used when a central lesion or structural compression is suspected. Laboratory tests assess for diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, thyroid disorders, infections, and autoimmune factors as appropriate.

Treatment focuses on the underlying cause. Where possible, addressing the etiological factor may improve or stabilize sensation. Symptomatic management for neuropathic symptoms may include medications such as gabapentinoids, certain antidepressants, or topical agents. Rehabilitation, physical or occupational therapy, and protective strategies to prevent injury to the affected area are often beneficial. Prognosis varies with cause and extent of nerve damage; some cases improve, while others persist as chronic sensory loss.