Grafitceruzák

Grafitceruzák, commonly known as pencils, are writing and drawing instruments that use a graphite-based core encased in a protective casing. The core, often referred to as "lead" though it contains no actual lead, is a mixture of graphite and clay. The ratio of graphite to clay determines the hardness and darkness of the mark the pencil makes. Harder pencils, with more clay, produce lighter, finer lines suitable for technical drawing and precise work. Softer pencils, with more graphite, create darker, broader marks, ideal for sketching and shading.

The casing is typically made of wood, most commonly cedar, which is easy to sharpen and provides a comfortable grip. Mechanical pencils, a variation of the grafitceruza, use a mechanism to advance a thin graphite stick, eliminating the need for sharpening. They are popular for their consistency and precision.

Grafitceruzák are widely used in education, art, engineering, and everyday writing. Their erasability makes them a forgiving tool for drafts and initial sketches. The development of the modern pencil is credited to Nicolas-Jacques Conté in the late 18th century, who perfected the graphite-clay mixture. Today, pencils remain an essential and versatile tool for a vast range of applications.