Graduierungen

Graduierungen are the markings on a measuring instrument that indicate numeric values of a scale or dial. They define the resolution and help the user read measurements by subdividing a continuous dimension into discrete steps. Graduation marks can be linear, circular or angular, depending on the geometry of the instrument.

Common examples include rulers or tape measures with millimeter or centimeter divisions; dial indicators and analog gauges with circular scales; protractors and angular scales on compasses.

In design, a graduation consists of the base scale with division value (the nominal step) and, optionally, major and minor marks to aid readability. The spacing, numbering, and shading are chosen for legibility. Some devices employ additional interpolation marks or vernier scales to extend precision beyond the base division.

Reading a graduation may involve direct reading of the main scale, plus an auxiliary scale (vernier or micrometer) to estimate fractions of a division. Accuracy depends on factors such as scale quality, parallax error, and calibration. The term “least count” describes the smallest readable increment.

Manufacturers must ensure uniform graduation spacing and correct alignment to standards. Graduations are central to metrology, calibration, and quality control across engineering, manufacturing, and science.

Terminology note: In some German contexts, the word Graduierung can also refer to the awarding of an academic degree; in contrast to measurement graduations, this usage is less common in technical literature.