Gradatiivsed

Gradatiivsed is a linguistic term used to describe a class of predicates whose core meaning encodes gradual change over time. Predicates categorized as gradative express processes that unfold in incremental steps, rather than a single instantaneous jump from one state to another. The concept is used in some linguistic traditions to capture the semantics of gradual development in events, states, and changes of degree or intensity.

Morphology and usage vary by language. In some languages gradativity is realized through morphological devices such as derivational affixes or dedicated verbal forms, while in others it is expressed by periphrastic constructions or by lexical items that emphasize progression. Gradative meaning can apply to verbs of change (increase, deepen, soften) as well as to states that evolve (temperature rising, prices growing) and to adjectives that describe changing qualities. The exact form and availability of gradative expressions depend on the language’s aspectual and Aktionsart system.

Semantically, gradativity interacts with aspect and event structure. Gradative forms often align with imperfective or durative aspects to highlight ongoing progression, duration, or gradual onset, and they may contrast with punctual or telic predicates that denote sudden completion or instantaneous change. This interaction helps describe the dynamics of change and the tempo at which it occurs, contributing to a more nuanced depiction of events.

Etymology and cross-linguistic notes: the term derives from gradatio, Latin for step or degree. While the label gradatiivsed is used in certain linguistic traditions, the exact criteria for classifying a predicate as gradative differ across languages and grammars. See also gradation, gradual aspect, aspect, and Aktionsart.