Gleichstromverbindungen

Gleichstromverteilung, or direct-current distribution, denotes the use of direct-current networks for the generation, distribution, and consumption of electrical power within a localized area, such as a building, data center, ship, aircraft, or microgrid. Unlike traditional alternating-current distribution, DC networks rely on power electronics to interface with AC sources and loads, and to interconnect energy storage and generation.

DC distribution typically employs a DC bus at a chosen voltage level, with feeders carrying DC to multiple nonlinear and linear loads. Key components include rectifiers, inverters, DC-DC converters, energy storage systems (batteries or supercapacitors), protection devices (fuses, breakers, isolating switches), and control systems for voltage and fault management. Common voltage levels range from a few hundred volts to several kilovolts in industrial contexts, while data centers often use 380-400V DC buses or lower.

Applications and rationale: DC distribution is common in data centers where servers and IT equipment can accept DC input directly, in renewable-energy microgrids where photovoltaic or wind generation naturally produces DC or can be stored in batteries, in ships and aircraft, and in certain urban or industrial microgrids seeking reduced AC-DC conversion stages or improved efficiency for long-run DC links. Benefits claimed include lower conversion losses, improved compatibility with energy storage and DC generation, and potentially simplified wiring for certain layouts.

Challenges include protection and arc management on DC circuits, insulation design, standardization of components and voltage levels, and higher upfront costs for converters and protection equipment. It remains complementary to AC distribution, with the choice driven by application, economics, and the feasibility of power-electronic interfaces.