Glasblasen

Glasblasen, or glassblowing, is the artisanal and industrial process of shaping molten glass into vessels or sculptural forms by inflating it with a blowpipe. The technique combines heating, gathering glass, blowing air into the cavity, and shaping with tools, molds, and gravity. In contemporary use, glasblasen encompasses both functional glassware and art glass produced in studios and factories.

History: The technique is believed to have originated in the eastern Mediterranean in the 1st century BCE, spreading to Egypt and the Roman world. By the late medieval period, it reached Europe, with centers such as Murano in Venice gaining renown for high-quality glass. From the 16th to 18th centuries methods diversified with mold-blowing and pontil work, and in the 19th and 20th centuries the studio-glass movement emphasized artistic experimentation and individual style.

Techniques: Free-blown glass is created by gathering molten glass on a blowpipe, rolling on a marver to shape, and blowing to form a bubble. The piece can be sustained by a punty rod and finished with molds, shears, and shaping tools. Pontil marks occur during separation. Colored glass and decorative effects are achieved by adding metal oxides or canes; annealing in a controlled kiln relieves internal stress. Lampworking is a related technique where glass is shaped by flame for small objects.

Modern practice: Glasblasen remains central to traditional centers such as Murano and Bohemia and has a broad global presence in art studios, educational programs, and industrial production. Notable practitioners include contemporary studio artists such as Dale Chihuly and Lino Tagliapietra. The craft requires extensive training, safety awareness, and specialized equipment, but it continues to produce both everyday wares and sculptural works.