Genetice

Genetice, commonly referred to as genetics, is the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in living organisms. It seeks to understand how traits are passed from parents to offspring and how genetic differences give rise to diversity within species.

Central concepts include genes, the units of heredity located on chromosomes; DNA as the carrier of genetic information; alleles, which are alternative gene versions; and the distinction between genotype (the genetic makeup) and phenotype (the observable traits).

Key historical milestones include Gregor Mendel's pea experiments in the 1860s, the identification of DNA as the genetic material in the mid-20th century, and the development of DNA sequencing, PCR, and genome projects in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Modern genetics encompasses classical genetics, molecular genetics, population genetics, genomics, and epigenetics. Methods range from genetic mapping and quantitative trait analysis to genome sequencing, gene expression studies, and genome editing using CRISPR-Cas systems.

Applications include medical diagnostics and gene therapy, development of new vaccines, improved crops and livestock, and conservation strategies informed by genetic diversity.

Ethical and social considerations concern privacy of genetic information, germline editing, equity of access to therapies, and the potential for unintended consequences. Responsible governance and transparent research practices guide modern genetic science.