Gelsemine

Gelsemine is a toxic indole alkaloid found in the flowering plants of the genus Gelsemium, especially Gelsemium sempervirens (Carolina jessamine) and Gelsemium elegans. It is one of several alkaloids produced by these species and contributes to their characteristic toxicity in mammals and other animals.

Chemistry and occurrence: Gelsemine is a complex indole alkaloid isolated from plant material by solvent extraction and chromatographic methods. It is commonly discussed alongside related alkaloids such as koumine, which are also present in Gelsemium species. The compound has a distinctive polycyclic structure that underpins its biological activity.

Pharmacology and toxicity: In mammals, gelsemine is highly poisonous and can depress the central nervous system, producing symptoms that range from dizziness and weakness to respiratory failure and death at sufficient doses. Its toxicity is a major safety concern for handling and ingestion of Gelsemium plants. In research contexts, gelsemine has been investigated for potential pharmacological effects, including analgesic and sedative actions, but its use is constrained by a very narrow safety margin and the risk of severe adverse effects.

Safety and use: Gelsemium species have a long history of traditional medicinal use in some cultures, but modern safety standards emphasize caution due to potent alkaloids. Handling plant material or preparations containing gelsemine should follow appropriate safety guidelines to prevent accidental poisoning.

Overall, gelsemine is a potent natural toxin with limited established therapeutic value, primarily of interest to researchers studying plant alkaloids and toxicology.