Geigers

Geigers, often referred to as Geiger counters, are scientific instruments used to detect and measure ionizing radiation. The most common type of Geiger counter utilizes a Geiger-Müller tube, a sealed cylinder filled with an inert gas, typically argon or neon, and a small amount of organic vapor or a halogen. A thin wire runs down the center of the tube, which is maintained at a high positive voltage relative to the outer casing.

When ionizing radiation, such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays, enters the tube, it ionizes the gas atoms within. This ionization creates a cascade of electrons that are attracted to the central wire, creating a brief electrical pulse. This pulse is then amplified and registered as a click or a count on a display. The rate of these clicks is proportional to the intensity of the radiation.

Geiger counters are widely used in various fields. They are essential tools in nuclear physics research, radiation protection for workers in industries dealing with radioactive materials, and in environmental monitoring to detect radioactive contamination. They are also employed in geology for prospecting for radioactive ores and in archaeology for dating artifacts. While sensitive to various types of radiation, some Geiger counters are designed to be more sensitive to specific types, and they typically cannot distinguish between different isotopes. They are generally considered robust and relatively inexpensive, making them a common choice for basic radiation detection.