GaleazziSyndrom

Galeazzi syndrome, also known as Galeazzi fracture-dislocation, is a fracture of the distal third of the radius associated with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). It is named after the surgeon who described the lesion and is considered the radioulnar counterpart to other forearm injuries. In children a related injury is sometimes termed the Galeazzi-equivalent, in which a distal radial physeal fracture occurs with DRUJ disturbance rather than a true dislocation.

The injury results from an axial load with forearm rotation, producing a radius fracture that disrupts the stability of the DRUJ through injury to the interosseous membrane and triangular fibrocartilage complex. The DRUJ dislocation may be dorsal or volar and can be subtle on initial examination if swelling masks deformity.

Clinically, patients typically present with forearm and wrist pain, swelling, tenderness along the distal radius and DRUJ, and reduced forearm rotation (pronation and supination). Deformity may be evident, but radiographs are essential to assess both the radius fracture and DRUJ alignment. Additional imaging, such as dedicated DRUJ views or CT, may be used to evaluate incongruity or associated injuries.

Management in adults usually requires surgical fixation of the distal radius fracture, typically with open reduction and internal fixation. After fixation, the stability of the DRUJ is assessed; if unstable, stabilization of the DRUJ with percutaneous pins or other methods may be performed and immobilization in a cast or splint follows. Children may require different approaches addressing physeal considerations.

Complications can include persistent DRUJ instability, malunion or nonunion of the radius, chronic forearm malrotation, pain, restricted motion, and post-traumatic arthritis if not properly reduced. With timely diagnosis and appropriate fixation, outcomes are generally favorable.