GHzrange

The GHz range refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies roughly from 1 gigahertz (GHz) to a few hundred gigahertz. In practice, the GHz range is commonly treated as the microwave region, typically defined as about 1 to 300 GHz, while the millimeter-wave band begins around 30 GHz and extends upward; some definitions extend to about 1 terahertz. Wavelengths span from 30 centimeters at 1 GHz to 1 millimeter at 300 GHz.

Propagation in the GHz range is largely line-of-sight and exhibits higher free-space path loss than lower frequencies. Atmospheric absorption, notably near 60 GHz due to oxygen, and rain attenuation influence link design. Higher frequencies permit smaller antennas and wider bandwidths but are more susceptible to blockage by walls, foliage, and weather.

Applications and technologies in this range include wireless communications, such as 5G millimeter-wave bands around 24–39 GHz and WiGig (IEEE 802.11ad/ay) at around 60 GHz. Automotive radar and other short-range sensors commonly operate near 76–77 GHz. The GHz spectrum is also used for satellite downlinks, fixed wireless links, radar, and some radio-astronomy observations. Technologies employed include high-frequency oscillators, frequency multipliers, and microwave integrated circuits.

Measurement and regulation: Characterizing GHz signals uses spectrum analyzers, network analyzers, and time-domain instruments, often with calibration for high-frequency accuracy. Spectrum allocation is governed by international bodies such as the ITU and national regulators (FCC, ETSI), with many bands licensed or unlicensed for particular uses. Safety guidelines set exposure limits for occupational and public exposure.