Fungus

Fungus refers to organisms in the kingdom Fungi, a diverse group of eukaryotic, mostly multicellular organisms that are distinct from plants and animals. Fungi are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by absorbing them from their surroundings after secreting enzymes. Most feed on decaying organic matter, although many form symbiotic relationships with other organisms.

A typical fungus has a body made of hyphae, slender filaments that branch to form a mycelium. The cell walls contain chitin. Reproduction occurs via spores, which can be produced sexually or asexually in structures such as asci, basidia, or sporangia. Fungi can reproduce rapidly and establish large networks.

Ecology: Fungi are essential decomposers in ecosystems, recycling nutrients. Many form mutualistic associations, including mycorrhizal fungi that help plant roots absorb water and minerals, and lichens, associations with photosynthetic partners. Some fungi are plant or animal pathogens, and others produce toxins or allergens affecting humans.

Taxonomy and diversity: The kingdom Fungi includes major groups such as Ascomycota (sac fungi), Basidiomycota (club fungi), Zygomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Glomeromycota. Notable forms include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.

Human use and impact: Fungi support food production through fermentation; they yield medicines such as antibiotics and immunosuppressants; and they provide enzymes for industry. They can also cause crop losses and diseases in humans and animals. Ongoing research explores fungal biology, ecology, and medicinal potential.

Distribution and conservation: Fungi are found in nearly every habitat, including soil, water, and air. Fungal diversity is threatened by habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution, while some species thrive in altered environments. Preserving fungal diversity supports ecosystem health and biotechnological resources.