Frakture

Frakture is a medical condition defined as a break or crack in bone or, less commonly, in other hard tissues. The word is related to fracture and derives from Latin fractura. It describes disruption of bone continuity caused by trauma, repetitive stress, or diseases such as osteoporosis. In some languages frakture is used as a variant spelling.

Fractures are classified in several ways. Open (compound) fractures break the skin and communicate with the fracture; closed (simple) fractures do not. They can be complete or incomplete, displaced or non-displaced. Common patterns include transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, and impacted fractures. In children, injuries to the growth plate are also considered fractures.

Causes include trauma from falls or collisions, repetitive stress (stress fractures), and bone-weakening conditions. Symptoms typically include sudden pain, swelling, deformity, tenderness, and limited ability to move or bear weight. Open fractures may bleed and carry infection risk, making urgent assessment essential.

Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and imaging, usually X-ray; CT or MRI may be needed for complex injuries. Treatment aims to restore alignment and function. Many fractures heal with immobilization in a cast or splint; unstable or displaced fractures may require reduction and stabilization, through internal fixation with plates and screws or intramedullary nails, or external fixation. Open fractures require debridement and antibiotics.

Healing occurs in stages—inflammation, callus formation, and remodeling—and relies on protection and progressive movement. Healing times vary by age and site, typically weeks to months. Complications include nonunion or malunion, infection, nerve or vessel injury, compartment syndrome, and post-traumatic arthritis.