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Fotonens

Fotonens are the quanta of the electromagnetic field, commonly described as photons. In quantum theory, a photon is massless, travels at the speed of light in vacuum, and carries energy proportional to its frequency, E = hν, as well as momentum p = h/λ. It has a spin of 1 and two possible polarization states, and it interacts with matter mainly through absorption, emission, scattering, and, at high energies, pair production. Photons are bosons and do not carry electric charge.

Photons arise whenever energy is exchanged or changed in electromagnetic processes, such as atomic transitions, blackbody

Applications of photons span a wide range of technologies and sciences. They enable optical communication, lasers,

radiation,
or
accelerated
charges.
The
photon
concept
emerged
from
Planck’s
quantum
hypothesis
and
Einstein’s
explanation
of
the
photoelectric
effect,
linking
energy
to
frequency
and
establishing
the
dual
wave–particle
nature
of
light.
In
quantum
electrodynamics,
photons
are
the
quanta
of
the
quantized
electromagnetic
field,
and
their
interactions
are
described
by
the
exchange
of
virtual
photons.
imaging
and
sensing,
solar
energy,
and
various
medical
and
industrial
devices.
In
emerging
fields,
photons
are
central
to
quantum
information
science,
including
quantum
communication
and
cryptography,
where
properties
like
entanglement
and
photon
statistics
are
exploited.
In
cosmology,
photons
such
as
those
in
the
cosmic
microwave
background
provide
information
about
the
early
universe
and
its
evolution.
The
study
of
fotonen
and
their
interactions
remains
foundational
to
our
understanding
of
light
and
the
behavior
of
matter
and
energy.