Forsetaríki

Forsetaríki, or presidential republic, is a form of government in which the president is elected separately from the legislature and typically serves as both head of state and head of government. The system emphasizes a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, with the president exercising executive authority independently of the legislature in most cases. Constitutional provisions often establish fixed terms, constraints on re-election, and mechanisms for removal through impeachment.

In a classic presidential system, the president and the cabinet are not dependent on parliamentary confidence; rather, they hold office regardless of shifts in the legislature, though the legislature can check the executive through veto powers or impeachment. The president usually negotiates and signs laws, directs foreign policy, and commands the armed forces, while ministers or secretaries head independent departments.

Common examples include the United States, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Some countries have variations that resemble a presidential system but incorporate elements of parliamentary government, such as a prime minister or day-to-day cabinet leadership; these are often described as semi-presidential systems. The term forsetaríki is used in Icelandic discourse to describe the presidential-type state.

Advantages often cited are clear accountability and decisive leadership in crisis, and a direct mandate from voters. Critics point to potential for gridlock between branches, and the risk of concentrated power if checks and balances are weak. Success depends on robust constitutional rules, free elections, and independent institutions.