Foolihappo

Foolihappo, known in English as folic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin in the B vitamin family (vitamin B9). It exists in two main forms: natural folate found in foods and the synthetic folic acid used in dietary supplements and fortification of staple foods. After absorption, folic acid is converted in the body into active forms that participate in one-carbon metabolism, essential for nucleotide synthesis and amino acid metabolism.

It is particularly important for DNA synthesis and cell division, making it crucial during periods of rapid growth such as pregnancy and infancy. In pregnancy, adequate folic acid intake before conception and in early gestation reduces the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus and supports normal development. Folate deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia and fatigue.

Natural sources include leafy greens, legumes, citrus fruits, and liver. Many countries fortify cereal grains and other foods with folic acid to reduce population deficiency. General daily requirements are often stated as 400 micrograms of dietary folate equivalents for adults; pregnant individuals are advised about 600 micrograms, and lactating individuals about 500 micrograms. An upper intake level for supplementary folic acid is commonly set at 1000 micrograms per day for adults.

Deficiency risk exists in malnutrition, certain gastrointestinal disorders, and conditions that impair absorption. Excess folic acid from supplements can mask vitamin B12 deficiency, potentially delaying diagnosis of pernicious anemia. Folic acid can interact with some medications, including methotrexate and certain anticonvulsants, requiring medical guidance for individuals with these treatments.