Fluoropolymer

Fluoropolymers are polymeric materials in which many hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine. They are characterized by exceptional chemical resistance, high thermal stability, low surface energy, and often very low friction, enabling performance in harsh chemical environments and wide temperature ranges.

Common fluoropolymers include PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene), PFA (perfluorinated alkoxy), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), and ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene). PTFE provides non-stick properties but is not melt-processable, while FEP, PFA, and ETFE are melt-processable and suitable for extrusion and molding. PVDF offers a balance of strength and chemical resistance.

Most fluoropolymers are produced by polymerizing fluorinated monomers such as tetrafluoroethylene or vinylidene fluoride. PTFE is typically formed by emulsion polymerization and then sintered, whereas FEP, PFA, and ETFE can be melt-processed.

Applications include nonstick cookware coatings, corrosion-resistant linings for pipes and chemical equipment, wire insulation, seals and gaskets, and components for aerospace, automotive, and electronics.

Safety and environmental considerations include potential toxic fumes from decomposition at high temperatures and concerns about persistent fluorinated compounds. Recycling is limited and many fluoropolymers are handled as specialty plastics; production may involve emissions controls and handling precautions.

Fluoropolymers were discovered in the 1930s, notably PTFE by Roy J. Plunkett in 1938 at DuPont. They are sold under various brand names, including PTFE-based coatings and related materials.