Fluorocarbon

Fluorocarbon is a term used for organic compounds in which fluorine atoms have replaced hydrogen atoms on a carbon framework. In common usage it often refers to perfluorocarbons (PFCs), where all hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine, as well as fluoropolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Chemically, the carbon–fluorine bond is among the strongest single bonds in organic chemistry, which imparts high chemical inertness, excellent thermal stability, and resistance to many solvents. These properties give fluorocarbons distinctive performance in high-temperature applications, nonstick surfaces, and low-friction materials. Fluoropolymers form solid, durable coatings and have low surface energies that reduce adhesion of substances.

Classification and forms range from small fluorinated molecules, such as tetrafluoromethane, to large perfluorinated hydrocarbons and to fluorinated polymers like PTFE, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), and perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA). Many fluorocarbons are gases or liquids at ambient conditions; polymers provide solid materials with specialized properties.

Production methods typically involve direct fluorination of hydrocarbons using elemental fluorine or other fluorinating processes, including electrochemical fluorination. Handling and production are accompanied by considerations of environmental and safety impacts.

Environmental and regulatory context: fluorocarbons vary in persistence and environmental impact. Perfluorocarbons tend to be extremely persistent and can have high global warming potentials, contributing to long-term climate effects. Some fluorinated compounds are subject to regulation due to environmental concerns, while others are used under controlled conditions with ongoing efforts to reduce emissions and develop lower‑impact alternatives.