Flintknapping

Flintknapping is the process of shaping stone, typically cryptocrystalline materials such as flint, chert, or obsidian, by removing flakes to produce tools and weapons. The practice relies on controlled percussion and pressure flaking to create sharp edges, points, and cores.

Techniques include direct percussion with a hard hammer, direct percussion with a soft hammer such as bone or antler, and indirect percussion using a punch to transmit blows. Pressure flaking applies steady force with a pointed tool to detach small flakes and refine the edge. Retouching further sharpens and shapes forms.

Common raw materials are flint and chert, obsidian, jasper, and other cryptocrystalline silicites. Material properties influence how flakes detach, their size, and the effort required for retouch. Toolmakers select sources suited to regional geology and project goals.

Flake tools, scrapers, blades, and projectile points were produced by many cultures over vast time spans. In archaeology, flintknapping illuminates tool technologies and craft traditions, such as Levallois or blade-based approaches, and informs studies of hafting and use-wear.

Today, flintknapping is practiced by archaeologists, educators, and hobbyists to understand prehistoric technology and demonstrate lithic techniques. Practitioners emphasize safety, ethical handling of cultural heritage, and careful experimentation with materials and methods.