Fjordene

Fjordene is the Norwegian term for the fjords, long, narrow sea inlets framed by steep cliffs and located along coastlines. Geomorphically, fjords are glacially carved valleys that were later flooded by seawater as glaciers retreated at the end of the last Ice Age. They are often deeper than the adjacent sea, with a shallow threshold or sill at their mouth that can influence water exchange and salinity. The surrounding rock faces can rise hundreds to thousands of meters above the water.

Geography and examples: Fjords are most closely associated with western Norway, where glaciated valleys extend inland from the coast. Notable examples include Sognefjord, the longest and one of the deepest in Norway; Hardangerfjord; and Geirangerfjord, renowned for their dramatic scenery. Several fjords form part of UNESCO’s West Norwegian Fjords World Heritage Site, including Nærøyfjord and Geirangerfjord.

Ecology and human use: Fjord waters are typically cold and nutrient-rich, supporting diverse marine life and aquaculture. The rugged terrain limits large-scale farming, but the sheltered inlets provide opportunities for navigation, fishing, tourism, and ferries. In recent decades, cruise tourism and extensive road networks through tunnels have become important parts of the regional economy.

Global distribution: Fjords occur in other glaciated regions as well, such as Iceland, Greenland, New Zealand (Fiordland), Chile, Canada, and Alaska, reflecting similar glacial histories. Alongside Norway, these regions illustrate the broad geomorphology and ecological importance of fjords worldwide.