Fenoliset

Fenoliset, or phenolic compounds, are a broad class of chemical substances characterized by one or more hydroxyl groups bonded to an aromatic ring. They are widespread in plants and microorganisms and range from simple phenols to complex polyphenols. The name reflects the presence of phenol units in their structures.

Classification includes simple phenols (for example, phenol and cresols), phenolic acids (such as gallic, caffeic, and ferulic acids), flavonoids (like quercetin and catechin), tannins, and lignins. Subgroups such as hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids are commonly cited. The diversity of structures leads to a wide range of properties and uses.

In nature, phenolics play roles in defense against pathogens, UV protection, pigmentation, and structural functions. They contribute flavors and colors to foods and beverages and are valued for antioxidant activity. Industrially, they are used as natural stabilizers, colorants, precursors to polymers, and additives in various products.

Key properties include varying acidity, redox activity, and solubility that depend on substitution patterns. Analytical methods commonly used to study fenoliset include the Folin–Ciocalteu assay for total phenolic content, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatography (GC) for individual compounds. Spectroscopic techniques are also employed.

Safety and environmental aspects: phenolic compounds can offer health benefits through antioxidant mechanisms, but some can be toxic at high exposures or interfere with biological processes. They may persist in the environment and require careful management in wastewater and industrial processes.