Exceptionalism

Exceptionalism is a concept referring to the belief that a person, group, or country is inherently different from and superior to others in some respects, or that it has a unique mission that justifies special treatment or a distinct political path. In political and social theory, the term is often used to describe claims that a state's founding principles, historical development, or cultural identity confer a normative exceptional status that shapes policy choices and international behavior.

In public discourse, the phrase is most closely associated with American exceptionalism, the claim that the United States has a unique heritage of liberty, constitutionalism, and geographic opportunity that set it apart and justify a distinct role in world affairs. Proponents link this to democracy, capitalism, or religious roots, while critics argue that such claims can blur accountability, promote interventionism, or ignore universal norms.

Scholars apply the concept beyond the United States, noting similar narratives in other countries or regions—often described as civic, cultural, or civilizational exceptionalism—to explain divergent political development or foreign policy. The term is also used to critique self-perceived uniqueness as a political strategy, policy justification, or myth that shields actions from scrutiny.

Critics contend that exceptionalism risks framing international norms as subordinate to national purpose, while supporters argue it reflects legitimate self-determination and a responsive approach to distinct historical experiences. The term remains contested and analytically debated, serving as a lens for examining identity, legitimacy, and foreign policy.