Eroina

Eroina, commonly known as heroin, is a highly addictive semi-synthetic opioid derived from morphine. It is typically sold as a white or brown powder or as a sticky black substance known as black tar. Street forms are often adulterated with other drugs or inert substances, which can increase harm and complicate treatment.

When taken, heroin rapidly crosses the brain barrier and is converted to morphine, binding to mu-opioid receptors. It produces intense euphoria, analgesia, drowsiness, and slowed breathing. Repeated use leads to tolerance and physical dependence, with withdrawal uncomfortable and difficult to manage without treatment.

Long-term use is associated with serious health problems, including infections from injections (such as abscesses and endocarditis), collapsed veins, liver and kidney disease, and increased risk of HIV and hepatitis from unsafe practices. Mental health disorders and social and economic problems often accompany dependence.

Overdose is a major risk and can cause life-threatening respiratory depression. Naloxone is an antidote used in emergencies. Treatment for dependence includes medically supervised detoxification and opioid replacement therapies, such as methadone or buprenorphine, along with counseling and social support. Harm reduction, including access to sterile injecting equipment and testing for infections, aims to reduce adverse outcomes.

Historically, heroin was synthesized in the late 19th century and marketed by Bayer as a cough suppressant and non-addictive morphine substitute before its addictive properties were recognized. Today, heroin is illegal in most countries and classified as a controlled substance. Some jurisdictions pursue public health approaches that combine enforcement with access to addiction treatment and harm-reduction services.