Ephedrines

Ephedrines are a group of naturally occurring stimulant compounds found in plants of the Ephedra genus. The most well-known ephedrine is ephedrine itself, which has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. Other related compounds include pseudoephedrine and ephedrine isomers. These substances are alkaloids that act as sympathomimetic agents, meaning they mimic the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the body. This leads to effects such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation, and central nervous system stimulation.

Historically, ephedrine and its derivatives have been used medically for various purposes. Ephedrine was commonly found in over-the-counter decongestants due to its ability to narrow blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion. It was also prescribed as a bronchodilator for asthma and as a treatment for hypotension. Pseudoephedrine, a diastereomer of ephedrine, also served as a popular nasal decongestant. However, concerns regarding side effects and potential for abuse have led to significant regulatory changes in many countries.

The stimulant properties of ephedrine have also led to its use in weight-loss supplements and athletic performance enhancers. These uses are controversial due to potential cardiovascular risks, including heart attack, stroke, and arrhythmias, as well as psychiatric effects like anxiety and insomnia. Due to these risks and its role as a precursor in the illicit synthesis of methamphetamine, the sale and use of ephedrine-containing products are now strictly controlled or banned in many parts of the world. Pseudoephedrine also faces restrictions, often requiring purchases to be made behind the counter.