Endotrachealtubus

Endotrachealtubus, commonly known as an endotracheal tube (ETT), is a flexible tube inserted through the mouth or nose into the trachea to secure the airway and enable ventilation. It is commonly used during general anesthesia, in critical illness, and in emergency and intensive care settings when respiratory support is needed.

The tube is typically made of polyvinyl chloride and has a beveled distal tip, a Murphy eye, an inflatable cuff to seal the trachea, and a proximal 15 mm connector for a ventilator circuit. A radiopaque line allows radiographic confirmation of placement. Sizes vary by patient, and there are both oral and nasal variants.

Placement is carried out by trained clinicians using laryngoscopy or alternative airway devices. Correct placement is confirmed by equal breath sounds, chest expansion, and continuous capnography; incorrect esophageal placement requires immediate reintubation.

Post-insertion care includes maintaining cuff pressure typically around 20–30 cm H2O, humidifying inspired gas, and suctioning secretions as needed. The device is secured to minimize displacement, and ongoing assessment of ventilator settings and airway patency is essential.

Extubation is performed when the patient can breathe without assistance and protect their airway, after readiness testing. Potential complications include dental injury, sore throat, airway trauma, misplacement, aspiration, pneumothorax, and ventilator-associated infections.