Emevîs

The Emevîs, also known as the Umayyads, were the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. They came to power in 661 CE, succeeding the Rashidun Caliphate, and ruled until 750 CE. The Emevî dynasty was founded by Muawiyah I, who was a prominent companion of Muhammad and had served as governor of Syria. Under Emevî rule, the Islamic empire expanded significantly, reaching from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Indus River in the east.

The Emevîs are credited with establishing Arabic as the administrative language of the empire and initiating the first systematic compilation of the Quran. They also oversaw a period of considerable architectural development, with notable examples including the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Great Mosque of Damascus. However, their reign was also marked by internal strife and controversy. The Emevîs faced opposition from various groups, including those who believed the caliphate should remain within Muhammad's family and those who resented the perceived favoritism shown to Arab Muslims over converts.

The Emevî Caliphate eventually fell in 750 CE to the Abbasid Revolution, which led to the overthrow of the Emevî dynasty and the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate. Despite their eventual downfall, the Emevî period left a lasting impact on the political, cultural, and religious landscape of the Islamic world.