Elektrostimulation

Electrostimulation, also called electrical stimulation therapy, refers to the controlled application of electric currents to body tissues to evoke physiological responses. It includes modalities such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), functional electrical stimulation (FES), and wound-healing electrostimulation. Electrodes placed on the skin or implanted deliver currents that may be direct, alternating, or pulsed, with specific frequencies, amplitudes, and pulse widths.

Currents can excite nerves or muscles and may modulate pain signaling, influence tissue repair, or affect neural activity in peripheral or central pathways. The choice of waveform, electrode configuration, and dose determines whether sensory, motor, or autonomic effects predominate.

Clinical use spans physical therapy, rehabilitation, pain management, and wound care. NMES and FES promote muscle contraction for strengthening and motor relearning after stroke or spinal cord injury. TENS is commonly used for analgesia. Electrical stimulation is also explored in dermatology and cosmetic applications, with evidence varying by indication.

Safety considerations include proper device use, skin care, and adherence to recommended parameters. Side effects are usually mild and may include skin irritation or discomfort; burns are rare with appropriate use. Contraindications include implanted electronic devices and certain medical conditions; therapy should be supervised by qualified professionals, with caution for home-use devices.

Regulation and research continue to define optimal parameters and expand indications. In clinical settings, electrostimulation is delivered by trained personnel, while consumer devices are marketed for non-clinical use under varying regulatory standards.