Elektromachines

Elektromachines are devices that enable the conversion of energy between electrical and mechanical forms. In common usage they include electric motors, which convert electrical energy into mechanical work, and electric generators, which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The term can also cover electro-mechanical actuators that produce motion from electrical input.

The operation of electromachines is based on electromagnetic principles. Motors generate torque by using magnetic fields and electric currents in windings to produce forces on conductors, while generators induce voltages in conductors as they are moved within magnetic fields. Design families include alternating current machines (such as induction motors, synchronous motors, and reluctance machines), direct current machines, and modern variants like brushless DC motors and permanent-magnet synchronous motors. Linear motors and various types of actuators are also considered electromachines.

Applications span a wide range, from industrial drives and transportation systems to power generation equipment, robotics, and consumer appliances. Performance is governed by efficiency, power density, speed-torque characteristics, and control methods. Power electronics, variable frequency drives, servo controllers, and feedback sensors are commonly used to regulate operation and optimize performance.

Historically, electromachines emerged in the 19th century and have evolved with advances in magnetism, materials, and electronics. Today they remain central to electric power systems and mechatronics, with ongoing developments aimed at higher efficiency, improved control, greater reliability, and new material technologies such as permanent magnets and advanced superconductors.