Elektrokeemias

Elektrokeemias is not a widely used term in standard medical literature and may reflect a misspelling or nonstandard usage. It is sometimes used to refer to electrolyte disturbances, which are abnormal levels of key ions in the blood.

Electrolyte disturbances involve ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Abnormal levels can be too high (hyper-) or too low (hypo-) and may occur alone or together, often affecting fluid balance, nerve function, muscle activity, and heart rhythm.

Common disturbances include hyponatremia and hypernatremia; hypokalemia and hyperkalemia; hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia; hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia. Symptoms vary with the severity and the specific ion involved and can include confusion, seizures, muscle weakness, cramps, arrhythmias, and in severe cases coma.

Causes are diverse and include dehydration, kidney disease, hormonal disorders (such as adrenal or thyroid problems), gastrointestinal losses (vomiting, diarrhea), medications (diuretics, laxatives, certain antiarrhythmics), and shifts due to acid–base disorders or insulin use.

Diagnosis relies on a blood chemistry panel (electrolyte panel) and assessment of kidney function and acid–base status, with attention to symptoms and medications. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause and correcting electrolyte abnormalities gradually to avoid complications such as osmotic demyelination or cardiac arrhythmias. In severe cases, hospitalization and monitoring with intravenous fluids and electrolyte replacements are required.

Prevention and monitoring are important in at-risk groups, including older adults, patients with kidney disease, those on certain medications, and in critical illness.