Ektomykorhizza

Ektomykorhizza, also known as ectomycorrhiza, is a type of symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of certain plants. This association is characterized by the fungal hyphae forming a dense sheath, or mantle, around the root tips and extending between the root cells without penetrating them. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are primarily found in forest ecosystems, particularly with trees such as oaks, pines, birches, and beech species.

The relationship between the plant and the fungus is mutually beneficial. The fungus helps the plant absorb water and nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, from the soil, which are otherwise difficult for the plant to access. In return, the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates, such as sugars and lipids, produced through photosynthesis. This exchange enhances the growth and health of both organisms.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi are known for their diverse and complex structures, including the mantle, Hartig net (a network of hyphae between root cells), and extramatrical mycelium (hyphae extending into the soil). These structures play crucial roles in nutrient exchange and soil stabilization. The fungi also contribute to soil structure by binding soil particles together, improving soil aeration and water retention.

Ectomycorrhizal associations are particularly important in temperate and boreal forests, where they facilitate the growth of dominant tree species. However, not all plants form ectomycorrhizal relationships; many herbaceous plants and certain tree families, such as grasses and legumes, associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi instead. The distribution and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi are influenced by environmental factors, including soil type, climate, and plant species composition.