Earthfill

Earthfill, also known as an earthfill embankment, is a type of construction fill made from naturally occurring soils and rock that are compacted in layers to form a stable mound. It is commonly used for embankment dams, levees, road and railway fills, and land reclamation projects. Earthfill structures rely on densely packed material to carry loads and control settlement, often incorporating an impermeable or low-permeability core.

Typical earthfill design features a layered arrangement. The core is usually a clay or similar material with low permeability to limit seepage. Surrounding shells are composed of more granular materials to provide strength and stability. In many dams, drainage and filtration zones are included to prevent piping and manage seepage, and an upstream facing may be concrete, asphalt, or riprap for erosion protection. Levees and fills may use a similar concept, adapted to site conditions.

Construction involves preparing a stable foundation, placing material in lifts, and compacting to target densities using rollers or compactors. Moisture content is controlled to optimize compaction and strength. Ongoing quality control ensures slope angles meet stability criteria and that drainage paths remain open.

Earthfill is favored where suitable, locally available soils exist and cost considerations favor natural material use. It offers flexibility and adaptability for irregular sites but requires careful design to manage seepage, settlement, erosion, and seismic response. Proper drainage, erosion protection, and regular maintenance are essential to long-term performance.