ELISAalapú

ELISAalapú refers to detection methods that rely on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay principle. In these assays, an antigen or antibody is immobilized on a solid surface, typically the wells of a microplate. A detection molecule conjugated to an enzyme binds to the target, and the enzymatic reaction with a substrate produces a measurable signal, usually colorimetric, but also fluorescent or chemiluminescent, which is proportional to the amount of target present.

Common formats include direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive ELISA. In direct ELISA, the analyte is captured by a labeled antibody. In indirect ELISA, an unlabeled primary antibody is detected with a labeled secondary antibody. Sandwich ELISA uses two antibodies that bind distinct epitopes on the target, enabling high specificity and sensitivity. Competitive ELISA involves competition between sample antigen and labeled antigen for binding sites, useful for small molecules or when antibodies are limited.

ELISA-based assays are widely used in clinical diagnostics (for example, serology and hormone measurements), infectious disease testing, and biomarker research. They also play a key role in food safety, veterinary medicine, and environmental monitoring, where they enable high-throughput screening and quantification in relatively simple laboratory settings.

Advantages include high sensitivity, specificity, and suitability for quantitative results and high throughput. Limitations involve dependence on antibody quality, potential cross-reactivity or matrix effects, the need for proper controls and calibration, and the requirement for appropriate laboratory infrastructure and equipment, such as a microplate reader.

Variations and adaptations, such as multiplex ELISA, extend the platform to simultaneous measurement of multiple analytes, maintaining the same basic ELISA principles.