Dockyard

A dockyard is a specialized facility where ships and other vessels are built, repaired, maintained, and refitted. Historically associated with navies and merchant fleets, dockyards are located near navigable waters and typically feature dry docks, wet basins or slips, cranes, workshops, and outfitting yards. They may be government-owned, privately operated, or run as public-private partnerships.

Core functions include construction of new vessels, major refits, routine maintenance, hull cleaning, propulsion and electrical system overhauls, and testing. Workflows usually combine design and engineering with procurement, fabrication, assembly, and sea trials. Dry docks allow work below the waterline, while wet basins support afloat repairs and testing.

Dockyards vary in scope. Naval dockyards cater to military vessels and emphasize security and complex defence systems, whereas civilian shipyards service commercial ships, ferries, and offshore platforms. Some yards specialize in specific hull forms, propulsion types, or repair services. The workforce comprises engineers, welders, machinists, electricians, fitters, inspection and logistics staff, and management.

Historically, dockyards grew along major maritime routes and expanded with industrialization and steam power. In the 20th century they adopted modular construction, floating dry docks, and automation, while modern yards integrate digital design, supply chain management, and advanced testing facilities. Environmental stewardship and safety regulations shape everyday operations.

Notable examples of major naval dockyards include Portsmouth and Devonport in the United Kingdom and Norfolk Naval Shipyard in the United States. The term also applies to civilian shipyards performing construction, maintenance, and repair on a national or regional scale.