Diplura

Diplura is an order of small, primitive, wingless insects within the class Entognatha. They are among the most basal hexapods, characterized by ametabolous development and mouthparts retracted within the head (entognathy). Diplurans range in size from about 2 to 30 millimeters, have elongated bodies and two long antennae. A distinctive feature is the pair of caudal appendages (cerci) at the end of the abdomen; in Japygidae the cerci are forceps-like, while in Campodeidae they are slender and filamentous. Most species are eyeless or have very small eyes and inhabit dark habitats such as soil, leaf litter, under bark, rotting wood, and cave systems. They are typically nocturnal and avoid light.

Ecology and behavior: Diplurans are detritivores and micro-predators, feeding on decaying organic matter, fungi, and occasionally small invertebrates. They contribute to soil ecosystems by aiding decomposition and nutrient cycling.

Life cycle and reproduction: They undergo ametabolous development, with juveniles resembling adults and molting through several instars. Reproduction is sexual; males deposit a spermatophore on the substrate, and females take up the sperm for fertilization. Eggs are laid in moist soil or concealed cavities, and hatchlings begin their molts.

Systematics: The order comprises two major lineages commonly treated as suborders: Campodeiformia (Campodeidae) and Japygoidea (Japygidae). Diplurans have a global distribution and are typically associated with moist microhabitats; cave-adapted taxa exist in some regions.