Difficilea

Difficilea, also known as pseudomembranous colitis, is a bacterial infection of the colon that is typically caused by Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile). This infection is characterized by the formation of a pseudomembrane, a thick, grayish-white coating, on the colon's inner lining. The pseudomembrane is composed of bacteria, inflammatory cells, and mucus.

The primary symptoms of difficilea include severe abdominal pain, diarrhea that may be watery or bloody, and fever. The infection can range from mild to life-threatening, particularly in the elderly, those with compromised immune systems, or those who have recently been treated with antibiotics.

Difficilea is often acquired in healthcare settings, such as hospitals or nursing homes, where patients are exposed to antibiotics that disrupt the normal gut flora, allowing Clostridioides difficile to proliferate. The infection can also occur in the community, often following the use of antibiotics for non-gastrointestinal infections.

Diagnosis of difficilea typically involves a stool test to detect the presence of Clostridioides difficile toxins. Treatment usually involves the use of antibiotics, such as metronidazole or vancomycin, to eliminate the bacteria and reduce inflammation. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics may be necessary.

Prevention strategies include proper hand hygiene, the use of contact precautions, and the avoidance of unnecessary antibiotic use. Vaccines against Clostridioides difficile are under development but are not yet widely available.