Differensiale

Differensiale, in Norwegian often used to refer to the concept of a differential, can denote both mathematical and mechanical ideas that relate to changes and divided motion.

In mathematics and physics, a differential represents an infinitesimal change in a variable. For a function y = f(x), the differential is dy = f′(x) dx. In multiple dimensions, differentials extend to partial differentials and to differential forms such as dx, dy, which can be combined (for example with the wedge product) to describe integrals on higher-dimensional spaces. Differentials underpin derivatives, integrals, and the study of change through differential equations, which express relationships between a function and its rates of change.

In mechanical engineering, a differential (differensial) is a gear mechanism that splits torque between two output shafts while allowing them to rotate at different speeds. This is crucial when a vehicle turns, because wheels travel at different circumferences. A typical open differential uses bevel gears and a sun gear arrangement to distribute torque, while other designs, such as limited-slip, locking, or electronically controlled differentials, modify the distribution to improve traction or handling. Differential components also appear in bicycles, robotics, and various transmissions.

Historically, the differential concept emerged in the early 19th century and was later adopted in automotive engineering, becoming a standard part of modern wheeled vehicles. The term continues to span both abstract mathematical theory and practical mechanical devices, reflecting the common idea of managing differences in motion or change.