Dielektrit

Dielektrit, also known as dielectrics or electrical insulators, are materials that do not conduct electric current well. This poor conductivity is due to their atomic structure, where electrons are tightly bound to their atoms and are not free to move throughout the material. When an external electric field is applied, the charges within a dielectric material do not flow freely like in a conductor. Instead, the electric field causes a slight displacement of positive and negative charges within the atoms or molecules, creating a phenomenon called polarization. This polarization opposes the applied electric field, effectively reducing the field strength within the material.

The ability of a dielectric material to store electrical energy when subjected to an electric field is quantified by its dielectric constant, often represented by the Greek letter kappa (κ) or epsilon (εr). A higher dielectric constant indicates a greater capacity for the material to become polarized and thus store more electrical energy. This property is crucial for the function of capacitors, where dielectric materials are placed between conductive plates to increase capacitance.

Common examples of dielectric materials include rubber, glass, plastic, mica, and air. These materials are essential in electrical and electronic applications for insulation, preventing short circuits, and in the construction of various electronic components. The specific properties of a dielectric, such as its dielectric strength (the maximum electric field it can withstand before breaking down and becoming conductive) and its dielectric loss (the energy dissipated as heat during polarization cycles), are important considerations for engineers when selecting materials for specific applications.