Detergenter

Detergenter are cleansing agents formulated to remove soil and stains from fabrics, dishes, surfaces, and similar items. They differ from soap in their ability to work in hard water and in containing synthetic surfactants.

Most detergents are complex blends centered on surfactants—molecules that have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. In water they align at interfaces and help to emulsify oils. Other components include builders to soften water, enzymes to break down proteins and starches, bleaching agents for whitening, fragrances, dyes, and stabilizers.

They are categorized by surfactant type: anionic, nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric; formulations may be specialized for laundry, dishes, or all-purpose cleaning. Detergents are marketed for household use as well as for industrial and institutional applications, and some products are formulated specifically for delicate fabrics or hard-to-clean stains.

Environmental considerations include biodegradability and ecotoxicity. Historically phosphates were used to improve cleaning performance but have been restricted or banned in many regions to reduce eutrophication. Modern detergents often rely on alternative builders. Safety concerns involve potential skin or eye irritation; products should be used as directed, and kept out of reach of children.

History and regulation: Synthetic detergents were developed in the early 20th century and became widespread after World War II, expanding the cleaning sector. Today the market includes household, industrial, and institutional products; regulatory regimes govern labeling, composition limits, and environmental impact in many countries.