Democratisation

Democratisation is the process by which a political system moves toward greater democratic governance. It usually involves expanding political participation, establishing competitive elections, protecting civil liberties, upholding the rule of law, and ensuring government accountability. It can mean introducing democratic features in an authoritarian regime or deepening democracy within a partially democratic system.

Factors influencing democratisation include economic development, rising education and urbanization, and a growing civil society and independent media. International norms and external actors can also play a role through incentives or pressure. Transitions may be gradual and negotiated, abrupt as revolutions, or unfold in stages of liberalization, opening, and competition.

Common stages include liberalization, the introduction or reform of elections, party formation, and constitutional change, followed by institutionalization and consolidation of democratic practices. Strong institutions—an independent judiciary, a free press, accountable security forces, and effective electoral administration—are often viewed as essential to sustaining democracy.

Outcomes vary: some transitions produce more stable governance and greater rights, while others lead to instability, weak institutions, or hybrid regimes. The link between democratisation and economic development is complex; governance quality and inclusive institutions matter more than procedure alone.

Scholars describe waves of democratisation, notably a large expansion after the late 20th century. Critics caution against overgeneralization, noting regional differences, the risk of democratic backsliding, and the danger of prioritizing procedural form over substantive representation.